The role of time and temperature

MEE 312 Engineering Materials

Homework 9

Due Tuesday by April 25, 4:30 p.m. in my mailbox or MEE Office

 

 

1) Briefly (in a single phrase or short sentence) describe/define the following terms in your own words and, if relevant, include an example:

 

a) Age/precipitation hardening g) Pearlite

b) Solution treatment h) Bainite

c) Supersaturated solid solution i) Martensite

d) Austenite j) Austenitizing

e) Ferrite k) Annealing (steel)

f) Cementite l) Normalizing

 

 

2) Compare and contrastcoherentandnon-coherentprecipitates.

 

 

 

 

 

3) Complete the table below, which summarizes the characteristics of in alloys accomplished via solidification and/or heat treating.

 

Strengthening Mechanism	Number and Type of Solid Phases	Relation to Solubility of Alloy	Strengthening Effect
Solid-solution strengthening		Either unlimited solubility, or solubility limit not exceeded	Low
Dispersion strengthening
Precipitation/age hardening	Two solid phases, one a coherent precipitate

 

 

 

4) Discuss the three stages of age hardening, as illustrated in Fig. 12-9 of your textbook for an Al-4% Cu alloy. Describe the role of the (coherent)non-equilibriumprecipitates GP-I, GP-II, and in this process. Also explain the role of time and temperature, as illustrated in Fig. 12-12.

 

 

 

5) Suppose that in Problem 4 the Al-4% Cu alloy is held at the aging temperature for a sufficiently long time so that the (non-coherent)equilibriumprecipitate is produced. This is referred to asoveraging. How does overaging affect the strength of the alloy? How does the resulting microstructure of the overaged alloy differ from an alloy that is slow-cooled to the aging temperature from its molten state? (Hint: Refer to the microstructures in Fig. 12-5.) Would you expect the slow-cooled alloy or overaged alloy to be stronger, assuming a small overaging time?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6) Compare and contrastartificial agingwithnatural aging.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

7) First fill-in the two-phase regions in the hypothetical phase diagram at right. Then determine which of the following alloys might be good candidates for age hardening, and explain your reasoning. For those that are good candidates, describe the heat treatment required and include recommended temperatures.

a) A-10% B

b) A-30% B

c) A-55% B

d) A-95% B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

8) Use the phase diagram for an iron-carbon (Fe-C) alloy at right to answer the following questions:

 

a) Identify all solid solutions.

 

 

 

 

b) Identify all intermetallic compounds, and determine if they are stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric.

 

 

 

c) Identify all three-phase reactions. For each, list the corresponding temperature, the reaction in equation form (i.e., X Y + Z), the approximate composition of each phase in the reaction, and the type of reaction.

 

 

 

 

 

d) Label the solidus, liquidus, solvus, eutectic, and eutectoid curves.

 

e) Define the A1, A3, and Acm temperatures.

 

 

 

f) Identify the eutectoid composition, the hypoeutectoid region, the hypereutectoid region, and composition (wt. % C) where steel transitions to cast iron.

 

g) Describe the microstructural evolution (in terms ofphasesandmicroconstituents make sure you know the difference!) of a Fe-0.6% C hypoeutectoid steel as it cools from 900 C to 400 C. (Hint: Refer to Fig. 12-16 and the accompanying discussion for guidance.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9) Complete the table below, which summarizes the effect of different heat treatments on the mechanical properties of steel. For the eutectoid microconstituents, your options are coarse pearlite (CP), fine pearlite (FP), bainite (B), and tempered martensite (TM). For the other questions, your options are low (L), moderate (M), high (H), and very high (VH).

 

Heat Treatment	Cooling Rate	Eutectoid Microconstituent	Strength
Austenitize and oven cool
Austenitize and air cool
Austenitize and quench in hot oil
Austenitize, quench in cool water, then temper

 

 

Compare and contrast the structure of the three key eutectoid microconstituents (pearlite, bainite, and tempered martensite); refer to Fig. 13-2 in your textbook, and discuss how the soft ferrite and hard cementite phases are arranged in each type of microconstituent. (Again, make sure you recognize the difference betweenphaseandmicroconstituent.)